To be rude and obnoxious; to be rough on the surface（無礼な、がさつで荒々しい）

→“When I visited New York, I was shocked by the abrasive behavior of some pedestrians.”

→“The cloth has an abrasive touch.”

To cover; to bask; to cover oneself in（覆う、浸る）

→“Sunlight bathed the pavement.”

→“The team bathes in the spectacular victory over its archrival.”

To grow bigger; to comment or describe at length（増大する、詳細に渡りコメント・描写をする）

→“His eyes dilated upon watching the shocking news on TV.”

→“She talked more than usual and dilated on the history of England.”

To touch off a protest or riot; to induce someone to do something bad（デモ・反乱などを引き起こす、扇動する、けしかける）

→“The mass protest was instigated by a young revolutionary.”

→“The school expelled the student because he was always instigating violent behavior in others.”

To continue or stay longer than expected or desired（予想や希望より長く継続もしくは残留する）

→“The psychological damage from the recent breakup lingers in my mind.”

→“The scientist went on to challenge a lingering taboo about the safety of nuclear energy.”

In plans; likely to happen before long（計画中、近い将来に起こる）

→“Due to depressed sales, there is a rumor that a company-wide downsizing is in the offing.”

→“In the lingering aftermath of the major earthquake, curbs on power consumption are in the offing.”

Forceful; compelling; inevitable（拍車のかかった、必然的な）

→“Once the two parties signed an agreement, things proceeded quickly with a propulsive sense of destiny.”

→“This is a fast-paced propulsive thriller.”

To reject（拒絶する、無視する）

→“She snubbed my invitation to dinner.”

→“The king snubbed the people’s demand for political reform.”

To touch off; to trigger, to activate（引き起こす、トリガーする）

→“The protester’s death sparked public outrage among the populace.”

→“The increasing unemployment will eventually spark a large-scale depression.”

To frustrate; to obstruct; to hinder（邪魔する、阻止する、困らせる）

→“This question will stymie the entire class.”

→“The opposition stymied the government’s efforts on tax reform.”

To disrupt or frustrate someone’s will; to prevent someone’s attempt（邪魔する、阻止する）

→“The principal’s attempt to reform the school was thwarted by fierce opposition from the administrators.”

→“The peace activists’ plan to hold a public meeting was thwarted by the authoritarian government.”

To surpass; to exceed; to rise to the highest rank（超過する、突破する、首位に浮上する）

→“My monthly expense topped Y1,000,000 in January.”

→“Your performance topped my expectations.”

→“Mideast peace tops Obama’s agenda for the new year.”

Confusion; commotion; agitation（混乱、騒動、動乱）

→“His proposal threw her in a tumult of emotions.”

→“When I finished speaking, there was a tumult of applause.”

Insecurity or sense of alarm at the social level（社会的不安・不穏・動揺）

→“High unemployment is provoking unrest among the college students.”

→“Unrest continues while the government negotiates peace with the rebels.”

A milestone; a turning point（重要な転換点）

→“The 2008 election represented a watershed in US politics.”

→“This is a watershed moment for Japan’s space exploration.”